Volumetric electromagnetic components

ABSTRACT

Method and apparatus for making volumetric electromagnetic components are disclosed. Material accretion devices or apparatus such as a 3D printer can be used to form the volumetric electromagnetic components. The volumetric electromagnetic components can include folded and/or self-similar features such as fractals. The volumetric electromagnetic components can include conductive and/or non-conductive materials. EM energy absorbing systems are described as having a volumetric electromagnetic component embedded within a dielectric material.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of International Patent ApplicationNo. PCT/US2015/061690, filed Nov. 19, 2015, which is acontinuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 14/629,032, titled“Method and Apparatus for Folded Antenna Components,” filed 23 Feb.2015, which claims priority to and the benefit of U.S. ProvisionalApplication No. 61/996,347 filed Feb. 22, 2014 and entitled “Method andApparatus for Folded Antenna Components”; International Application No.PCT/US2015/061690 also claims priority to U.S. Provisional PatentApplication No. 62/123,579, titled “Structure Embedded ElectromagneticAbsorbers,” filed 20 Nov. 2014; International Application No.PCT/US2015/061690 also claims priority to and the benefit of U.S.Provisional Patent Application No. 62/123,581, titled “Method andApparatus for Folded Volumetric Electromagnetic Components,” filed 20Nov. 2014; the entire contents of all of these applications areincorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND

Antennas are used to typically radiate and/or receive electromagneticsignals, preferably with antenna gain, directivity, and efficiency.Practical antenna design traditionally involves trade-offs betweenvarious parameters, including antenna gain, size, efficiency, andbandwidth.

Antenna design has historically been dominated by Euclidean geometry. Insuch designs, the closed area of the antenna is directly proportional tothe antenna perimeter. For example, if one doubles the length of aEuclidean square (or “quad”) antenna, the enclosed area of the antennaquadruples. Classical antenna design has dealt with planes, circles,triangles, squares, ellipses, rectangles, hemispheres, paraboloids, andthe like.

With respect to antennas, prior art design philosophy has been to pick aEuclidean geometric construction, e.g., a quad, and to explore itsradiation characteristics, especially with emphasis on frequencyresonance and power patterns. Unfortunately antenna design hasconcentrated on the ease of antenna construction, rather than on theunderlying electromagnetics, which can cause a reduction in antennaperformance.

Practical antenna design traditionally involves trade-offs betweenvarious parameters, including antenna gain, size, efficiency, andbandwidth. Antenna size is also traded off during antenna design thattypically reduces frequency bandwidth. Being held to particular sizeconstraints, the bandwidth performance for antenna designs such asdiscone and bicone antennas is sacrificed resulted in reduced bandwidth.

Dipole-like antenna have used a bicone or discone shape to afford theperformance desired over a large pass band. For example, some pass bandsdesired exceed 3:1 as a ratio of lowest to highest frequencies ofoperation, and typically ratios of 20:1 to 100:1 are desired. Some priorart discone antennas have included a sub-element shaped as a cone whoseapex is attached to one side of a feed system at location. A secondsub-element can be attached to the other side of the feed system, suchas the braid of a coaxial feed system. This sub-element is a flat diskmeant to act as a counterpoise.

Both discone and bicone antennas afford wideband performance often overa large ratio of frequencies of operation; in some arrangements morethan 10:1. However, such antennas are often ¼ wavelength across, asprovided by the longest operational wavelength of use, or the lowestoperating frequency. In height, the discone is typically ¼ wavelengthand the bicone almost ¼ wavelength of the longest operationalwavelength. Typically, when the lowest operational frequency correspondsto a relatively long wavelength, the size and form factor of theseantenna becomes cumbersome and often prohibitive for many applications.

Antenna systems that incorporate a Euclidean geometry includeroof-mounted antennas that extend from objects such as residential homesor automobiles. Such extendable antennas can be susceptible to wind andother weather conditions and may be limited in bandwidth and frequencyrange. Additionally, by implementing a Euclidean geometry into theseconformal antennas, antenna performance is degraded.

SUMMARY

This disclosure relates to systems, apparatus, and methods usingthree-dimensional, or volumetric, components to interact with energy ina desired manner, e.g., absorb, guide, transmit, and/or receive.

In accordance with an aspect of the disclosure, methods are disclosedfor making antenna apparatus, components, and related or ancillarycomponents suitable for wideband transmission and reception. An exampleof such an antenna apparatus can include a bicone antenna portion(bicone antenna) including two cone-shaped elements (e.g., anaccordioned bicone antenna) or a reverse bi-cone antenna, have a generalshape where the two open ends of the cones are joined (directly or viaan intermediate shape). The physical shape of at least one of the twocone-shaped elements may be at least partially defined by one or morefolds (e.g., a series) that extend about a portion of the cone. Othershapes and configurations such as those including self-similar featurescan be included for the antennas or components.

Exemplary embodiments include a novel system and method for producingsuch antenna parts and antennas made by same, is also disclosed. Thesystem may utilize a material accretion device, such as athree-dimensional (3D) printer, to make volumetric plastic componentsthat incorporate one or more folds and/or have self-similar structure(fractal in finite iterations for at least a portion) for at least partof the component. The component may be constructed out of conductiveplastic, or non-conductive plastic.

If non-conductive plastic is used, the component may be coated, plated,painted or gilded with a conductor (such as conductive paint) afterprinting so the component then conducts and can act as an antennacomponent. These components may be actual radiators, filters,counterpoises ground planes, or loads. Dipoles, monopoles, dielectricresonators, leaky antennas, metamaterial antennas, metasurface antennas,slot antennas, cavity antennas, and many other kinds of antennas may bemade in this system. The antennas may have smaller size and or bettergain and or greater bandwidths than antennas of conventional design.They may be used from 50-6000 MHz or any fraction of same bandwidth.They may be used in telematics; wireless, cell phone communication,WIFI, Wimax, UWB, and other systems.

A further aspect of the present disclosure is directed to systems andmethods for producing volumetric electromagnetic components, andvolumetric electromagnetic components made by same. Such volumetricelectromagnetic components can take function as waveguides, absorbers,attenuators and/or other electromagnetic components. In exemplaryembodiments, such volumetric electromagnetic components can be embeddedwithin a suitable dielectric material as a system, and together thesystem may function as electromagnetic absorbers.

Additional advantages and aspects of the present disclosure will becomereadily apparent to those skilled in the art from the following detaileddescription, wherein embodiments of the present invention are shown anddescribed, simply by way of illustration of the best mode contemplatedfor practicing the present invention. As will be described, the presentdisclosure is capable of other and different embodiments, and itsseveral details are susceptible of modification in various obviousrespects, all without departing from the spirit of the presentdisclosure. Accordingly, the drawings and description are to be regardedas illustrative in nature, and not as limitative.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Aspects of the disclosure may be more fully understood from thefollowing description when read together with the accompanying drawings,which are to be regarded as illustrative in nature, and not as limiting.The drawings are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead being placedon the principles of the disclosure. In the drawings:

FIG. 1 depicts an antenna component after being printed by a 3D printer,in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 2 shows the antenna component of FIG. 1 painted with conductivepaint and made into a monopole antenna element;

FIG. 3 depicts a discone antenna including a folded cone and a diskaccording to an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 4 depicts a bicone antenna with two folded cones according to anembodiment of the present disclosure; and

FIG. 5 depicts a method of making an antenna component in accordancewith the present disclosure.

FIG. 6 shows an example of two representative structures next todielectric foam in which they are to be embedded.

FIG. 7 shows an example of several volumetric electromagnetic componentsprinted on a 3D printer.

FIG. 8 shows an example of volumetric electromagnetic components aspainted with conductive paint.

While certain embodiments are shown in the drawings, one skilled in theart will appreciate that the embodiments depicted in the drawings areillustrative and that variations of those shown, as well as otherembodiments described herein, may be envisioned and practiced within thescope of the present disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to wideband antennasand related systems and techniques. Such antennas can include anaccordioned bicone antenna, e.g., for frequencies from VHF to microwave,and a fractalized dipole, e.g., for lower frequencies. In exemplaryembodiments, the fractalized dipole can include a circuit board with atrace at least a portion of which is self similar for at least twoiterations. The circuit board can be conformal inside of a tube or maststructure, which can be a cylinder, and/or may be applied to orsupported by the outside surface of the mast. The tube structure can actas a mast for the accordioned bicone, which can be located at the top.Exemplary embodiments can provide operation across a 100:1 passband orgreater (e.g., in terms of −3 dB power), e.g., from HF (or MF)frequencies through microwave.

An aspect of the present disclosure is directed to novel systems forproducing antenna parts and antennas made by same. The system uses athree dimensional printer to make volumetric plastic components thatincorporate one or more folds and/or have self-similar structure(fractal in finite iterations for at least a portion) for at least partof the component. The component may be constructed out of conductiveplastic, or non-conductive plastic.

If non-conductive plastic is used, the component may be plated or gildedwith a conductor (such as conductive paint) after printing so thecomponent then conducts and can act as an antenna component. Thesecomponents may be actual radiators, filters, counterpoises groundplanes, or loads. Dipoles, monopoles, dielectric resonators, leakyantennas, metamaterial antennas, metasurface antennas, slot antennas,cavity antennas, and many other kinds of antennas may be made in thissystem. The antennas may have smaller size and or better gain and orgreater bandwidths than antennas of conventional design. They may beused from 50-6000 MHz or any fraction of same bandwidth. They may beused in telematics; wireless, cell phone communication, WIFI, Wimax,UWB, and other systems.

FIG. 1 shows an antenna component 100 after being made by a materialaccreting (or accretion) device, e.g., a three-dimensional (3D) printer.An example of a suitable 3D printer is a MakerBot Replicator Z18 3Dprinter made available by the MakerBot Industries LLC.

FIG. 2 shows the antenna component 100 of FIG. 1 painted with conductivepaint and made into a monopole antenna element.

Examples of suitable fractal shapes for use in one or more antennasystems and antenna components according to the present disclosureinclude, but are not limited to, fractal shapes described in one or moreof the following patents, owned by the assignee of the presentdisclosure, the entire contents of all of which are incorporated hereinby reference: U.S. Pat. No. 6,452,553; U.S. Pat. No. 6,104,349; U.S.Pat. No. 6,140,975; U.S. Pat. No. 7,145,513; U.S. Patent No., 7,256,751;U.S. Pat. No. 6,127,977; U.S. Pat. No. 6,476,766; U.S. Pat. No.7,019,695; U.S. Pat. No. 7,215,290; U.S. Pat. No. 6,445,352; U.S. Pat.No. 7,126,537; U.S. Pat. No. 7,190,318; U.S. Pat. No. 6,985,122; U.S.Pat. No. 7,345,642; and, U.S. Pat. No. 7,456,799. Further examples aredisclosed in U.S. application Ser. No. 11/716,909 filed Mar. 12, 2007;U.S. application Ser. No. 10/812,276, filed Mar. 29, 2004; U.S.Provisional Application Number: 60/458,333, filed Mar. 29, 2003; U.S.Provisional Application No. 60/802,498 filed 22 May 2006; U.S.application Ser. No. 10/868,858, filed Jun. 17, 2004, now issued as U.S.Pat. No. 7,126,531; and U.S. application Ser. No. 09/700,005, filed Nov.7, 2000, now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 6,445,352; the contents of all ofwhich applications and patents are incorporated herein by reference intheir entireties.

Other suitable fractal or folded shapes for antenna systems and antennacomponents (e.g., a resonator or resonant structures) can include any ofthe following: a Koch fractal, a Minkowski fractal, a Cantor fractal, atorn square fractal, a Mandelbrot, a Caley tree fractal, a monkey'sswing fractal, a Sierpinski gasket, and a Julia fractal, a contour setfractal, a Sierpinski triangle fractal, a Menger sponge fractal, adragon curve fractal, a space-filling curve fractal, a Koch curvefractal, a Lypanov fractal, and a Kleinian group fractal.

Other features produced by or for embodiments of the present disclosurecan include metamaterials, which are materials with negativepermittivity and permeability leading to negative index of refractionwere theorized by Russian noted physicist Victor Veselago in his seminalpaper in Soviet Physics USPEKHI, 10, 509 (1968). Since that time,metamaterials have been developed that produce negative index ofrefraction, subject to various constraints. Such materials areartificially engineered micro/nanostructures that, at given frequencies,show negative permeability and permittivity. Metamaterials have beenshown to produce narrow band, e.g., typically less than 5%, responsesuch as bent-back lensing. Such metamaterials produce such anegative-index effect by utilizing a closely-spaced periodic lattice ofresonators, such as split-ring resonators, that all resonate. Previousmetamaterials provide a negative index of refraction when asub-wavelength spacing is used for the resonators. Metamaterials aretypically engineered by arranging a set of small scatterers or aperturesin a regular array throughout a region of space, thus obtaining somedesirable bulk electromagnetic behavior. The desired property is oftenone that is not normally found naturally (negative refractive index,near-zero index, etc.). Three-dimensional metamaterials can be extendedby arranging electrically small scatterers or holes into atwo-dimensional pattern at a surface or interface. This surface versionof a metamaterial has been given the name metasurface (the term metafilmhas also been employed for certain structures). For many applications,metasurfaces can be used in place of metamaterials. Metasurfaces havethe advantage of taking up less physical space than do fullthree-dimensional metamaterial structures; consequently, metasurfacesoffer the possibility of less-lossy structures.

Such features when used in or for antenna systems and components canprovide increased performance relative to antennas and antennacomponents not employing those fractal or folded features, e.g.,improved bandwidth characteristics in terms of 3 dB bandwidth, etc.

FIG. 3 depicts a discone antenna 75 including a folded cone and a disk.Antenna 75 is another example of an antenna component that can be madein accordance with the present disclosure. Referring to FIG. 3, toprovide wider bandwidth performance, while allowing for reduced size andform factors, shaping techniques are incorporated into the components ofthe antenna. For example, a discone antenna 75 includes a conicalportion 80 that includes folds that extend about a circumference 85 ofthe conical portion. Along with incorporating folds into the conicalportion of the discone antenna 75, to further improve bandwidthperformance while allowing for relative size reductions based onoperating frequencies, shaping techniques are incorporation into thedisc element of the antenna. In this example, a disc element 90 of thediscone antenna 75 is defined by a fractal geometry, such as the fractalgeometries described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,140,975, filed Nov. 7, 1997,which is herein incorporated by reference. By incorporating the foldsinto the conical portion and the fractal (i.e., self-similar) discdesign, the size of the discone antenna 74 is approximately one half ofthe size of the discone antenna 5 (shown in FIG. 1) while providingsimilar frequency coverage and performance

Referring to FIG. 4, a bicone antenna 100 is shown that includes twoconical portions 110, 120. Each of the two conical portions 110, 120 arerespectively defined by folds that extend about the respectivecircumferences 130, 140 of the two portions. By incorporating thefolded-shaping or folded shape(s) into the conical portions 110, 120,the bicone antenna 100 provides the frequency and beam-patternperformance of a larger sized bicone antenna that does not includeshaping.

While the shaping techniques implemented in the discone antenna 75(shown in FIG. 3) and the bicone antenna 100 (shown in FIG. 4) utilizeda folded-shape in the conical portions and a fractal shape in the discportion, other geometric shapes, including one or more holes, can beincorporated into the antenna designs.

By incorporating these shaping techniques, for example, into a disconeantenna, such as the discone antenna 75 (shown in FIG. 3), the standingwave ratio (SWR) of the antenna demonstrates the performanceimprovement. For example, such a structure can exhibit a wideband 50 ohmmatch of a discone antenna across a preferred frequency band (e.g., 100MHz-3000 MHz).

FIG. 5 depicts a method 500 of making an antenna component in accordancewith the present disclosure. As shown at 502, a material accretingdevice can be used for accreting material in layers, wherein each layerdefines a predetermined shape of an antenna feature. The antennacomponent can accordingly be formed having a predeterminedthree-dimensional (3D) shape, as shown at 504. The antenna componentincludes a folded or self-similar shape for at least a portion of thecomponent, as shown at 506. As further shown at 508, the method 500 caninclude coating the component with a conductive medium as a thin layer,for at least a portion of the component.

An aspect of the present disclosure is directed to novel systems andcomponents for electromagnetic absorption over a band of frequenciesusing fractal and or folded and or spiked structures embedded in anabsorbing dielectric material. FIG. 6 shows an example 600 of tworepresentative structures 602, 604 next to foam 606 in which they are tobe embedded. The absorber structures 602-604 scatter, diffract and/orreflect the waves in the dielectric material, e.g., carbon-based foam orother type of microwave-absorbing foam. Accordingly, these structurescan allow for (i.e., provide) greater absorption with a thinnerthickness compared to conventional absorbers (e.g., prior art wedgeabsorbers). These structures (e.g., 602-604 as embedded in 606) can alsoprovide a flat form factor rather than wedge shaped ones. Such absorberscan be made by suitable techniques, including by use of 3D printing,such as described in further detail below.

These absorption systems and components can operate at or across desiredfrequency bands. Examples of such frequency bands can include, but arenot limited to, one or more of L, S, C, X, Ku, K Ka, V, and W bands inthe microwave regime. Attenuation of electromagnetic waves isfacilitated via electromagnetic energy absorbing structures such asshown in FIG. 6 (as 602, 604). Such EM absorbing structures (or,absorbers) can overcome prior art limitations of impractical thicknessand limited bandwidth. Use of such EM absorbing structures, e.g., 602,604, can provide a method of absorbing that allows a wide bandwidth ofabsorption while maintaining suitable thinness of the absorbers. Whileexemplary embodiments of an absorbing system can be used at radio (RF)frequencies, other embodiments can be used at other frequencies, e.g.,with appropriate scaling of structures.

Exemplary embodiments of EM absorbers can include an absorber thatincorporates fractal structures or features. Such fractal structures orfeatures can provide, facilitate and/or enhance the ability to diffuseRF waves. Such fractal structures or features may produce additionalpaths within the absorbing dielectric material, thus producing broadband(or, wideband) absorption.

Any suitable type of dielectric material may be used. An example of sucha dielectric material can be, but is not limited to, a carbon-basedfoam. A commercially available example of a suitable dielectric foam isC-FOAM PK-2, made available by PPG Aerospace Cuming MicrowaveCorporation of 264 Bodwell Street, Avon, Mass. 02322 USA; other suitablefoams and/or other types of dielectric materials may be used instead orin addition. Other examples include suitable microwave-absorbingelastomers (elastomeric absorbers) and films, as well as magneticabsorbers.

In exemplary embodiments, 3D printing using a suitable 3D printer can beused to make the structures. Any suitable technique(s) may be used forembedding the structures within the dielectric material, e.g., foam. Insome embodiments, an electromagnetic absorption component, e.g., 602,after being formed by a 3D printer, can be placed on a support surfaceor hung over a support surface while foam is poured around it.

A further aspect of the present disclosure is directed to systemscapable of producing electromagnetic parts or components—those that aredesigned to propagate, guide, duct, radiate, absorb, reflect, diffractrefract, resonate and/or re-propagate electromagnetic waves themselvesor as components of a larger system—and parts made by same. FIG. 7 showsan example 700 of several components 702-706 after being printed on a 3Dprinter (not shown).

Such a system can use a three-dimensional (3D) printer to makevolumetric electromagnetic components (or, parts) that incorporate oneor more folds and/or bends and/or have self-similar structure (e.g.,fractal in finite iterations for at least a portion of the structure)for at least part of the component. The component may be constructed outof conductive plastic or non-conductive plastic or other non-conductivematerial. Alternatively, such systems can use a three-dimensionalprinter to make volumetric metal or metal coated components thatincorporate one or more folds and/or have self-similar structure (e.g.,fractal in finite iterations for at least a portion of the structure)for at least part of the component.

If non-conductive material is used, the component may be plated orgilded with a conductor (such as conductive paint) after printing so thecomponent then conducts and can act as an electromagnetic component.Alternatively, the component may only be partially plated and thenon-conductive material will act as a dielectric. These components maybe actual radiators, filters, counterpoises ground planes, or loads,absorbers, diffusers, reflectors, directors (lenses), waveguides, etc.,and the like. Dipoles, monopoles, dielectric resonators, leaky antennas,metamaterial antennas, metasurface antennas, slot antennas, cavityantennas, and many other kinds of antennas can be made by such systems.The antennas or components may have smaller size and or better gain andor greater bandwidths than antennas of conventional design. They may beused, e.g., from 50-60,000 MHz or any fraction of same bandwidth ormultiple bands within. They may be used, e.g., in telematics, wireless,cell phone communication, WIFI, public safety, Wimax, UWB, and othersystems similar systems.

FIG. 8 shows an example 800 of EM components 802-816 painted withconductive paint, after having been printed with a 3D printer. Anysuitable 3D printer may be used. An example of a suitable 3D printer isthe Makerbot Replicator Fifth Generation made commercially available byMakerBot® industries, LLC, One MetroTech Center, 21st Fl, Brooklyn, N.Y.11201 USA; other suitable 3D printers may be used.

In some implementations/embodiments, an accordioned bicone antennaapparatus according to an embodiment of the present disclosure caninclude an accordioned bicone and a fractalized circuit board, which canbe conformal to a given surface, e.g., a cylinder. The conformal circuitboard can be configured to act as a fractalized dipole. The circuitboard can include one or more conductive portions or traces that includeself-similar structure such as various suitable fractal shapes. Such anantenna can be fed by a main feed, which may be configured as splittingto (i) a bicone feed leading to the center of the accordioned bicone,and (ii) a dipole feed feeding the fractalized dipole section. RLCmatching circuitry may be used in exemplary embodiments.

While the shaping techniques implemented in or for a bicone antenna (orother shape or configuration of antenna such as disclosed in the patentsand applications incorporated herein) can utilize a folded-shape in theconical portions and a fractal shape in/or the conformal portion, othergeometric shapes, including one or more holes, can be incorporated intothe antenna designs. By incorporating the folded-shaping into theconical portions, the bicone antenna can provides the frequency andbeam-pattern performance of a larger sized bicone antenna that does notinclude such shaping.

Each folded, e.g., of a bicone portion, can include two faces joined ata vertex having an included angle of less than 180 degrees as directedaway from a principal axis of the cone-shaped element and/or antenna. Inexemplary embodiments, the two faces of a folded do not substantiallyoverlap one another in a direction transverse to a bisector of theincluded angle. For certain embodiments, the faces and included anglefor a folded can be symmetrical; in other embodiments, the faces andincludes angle are not symmetrical (e.g., can lie along the two sides ofa non-Isosceles triangle.)

The self-similar shape of the circuit board can be defined as a fractalgeometry. In general, fractal geometry may be grouped into randomfractals (which can also be referred to as chaotic or Brownian fractals,and include a random noise component) or deterministic fractals.Fractals typically have a statistical self-similarity at all resolutionsand are generated by an infinitely recursive process. For example, aso-called Koch fractal may be produced with N iterations (e.g., N=1,N=2, etc.). One or more other types of fractal geometries may also beincorporated into the design to produce antenna. Non-fractal portion(s)(such as sawtooth patterns) can be utilized in conjunction with fractalportion(s). Such patterns can be utilized, e.g., as a counterpoise.

Antenna components can also be made or formed to include metamaterials.Representative frequencies of operation can include, but are not limitedto, those over a range of 500 MHz to 1.3 GHz, though others may ofcourse be realized. Operation at other frequencies, including forexample those of visible light, infrared, ultraviolet, and as well asmicrowave EM radiation, e.g., K, Ka, X-bands, etc. may be realized,e.g., by appropriate scaling of dimensions and selection of shape of theresonator elements.

The resonators can be in groups of uniform size and/or configuration(shape) or of several different sizes and/or geometries. The relativespacing and arrangement of groupings (at least one for each specificfrequency range) can be defined by self-similarity and origin symmetry,where the “origin” arises at the center of a structure (or part of thestructure) individually designed to have the wideband metamaterialproperty.

By incorporating the fractal geometry into the electrically conductiveand non-conductive portions of circuit board, the length and width(e.g., and consequently, electrical size) of the conductive andnon-conductive portions of the antenna is increased due to the nature ofthe fractal pattern. While the lengths and widths increase, however, theoverall footprint area of circuit board (fractalized dipole) isrelatively small. By providing longer conductive paths, dipole (and,consequently, the related antenna) can perform over a broad frequencyband.

In exemplary embodiments, matching circuitry/components can be utilized,e.g., capacitors, RLC circuit(s), etc. Additional tuning can optionallybe augmented/facilitated by placement of tuning elements, e.g.,capacitors, inductors, and/or RLC circuitry, across the circuit boardtrace(s), forming a partial electrical trap.

While certain embodiments have been described herein, it will beunderstood by one skilled in the art that the methods, systems, andapparatus of the present disclosure may be embodied in other specificforms without departing from the spirit thereof. Accordingly, theembodiments described herein are to be considered in all respects asillustrative of the present disclosure and not restrictive.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method for producing a volumetricelectromagnetic component, the method comprising: with a materialaccreting device, accreting material in layers, wherein each layerdefines a predetermined shape of volumetric electromagnetic component;forming a volumetric electromagnetic component having a predeterminedthree-dimensional (3D) shape; wherein the volumetric electromagneticcomponent includes a folded or self-similar shape for at least a portionof the component; wherein the volumetric electromagnetic componentcomprises a shape including a deterministic fractal of finite iterationfor at least a portion of the structure; and embedding the volumetricelectromagnetic component within a dielectric material thereby formingan electromagnetic absorber; wherein the dielectric material ismicrowave-absorbing foam.
 2. The method of claim 1, further comprisingcoating the volumetric electromagnetic component with a conductivemedium as a thin layer, for at least a portion of the component.
 3. Themethod of claim 1, wherein the self-similar shape is fractal in finiteiterations for at least a portion.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein thevolumetric electromagnetic component is selected from the groupconsisting counterpoises ground planes, loads, dipoles, monopoles,dielectric resonators, leaky antennas, metamaterial antennas,metasurface antennas, slot antennas, or cavity antennas structures. 5.The method of claim 1, wherein the material accreting device comprises a3D printer.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the dielectric materialcomprises a carbon-based foam.
 7. The method claim 1, wherein thedielectric material comprises an elastomeric absorber.
 8. Anelectromagnetic absorbing system comprising: a volumetricelectromagnetic component; wherein the volumetric electromagneticcomponent comprises a fractal feature including a deterministic fractalof finite iteration for at least a portion of the component; and adielectric material, wherein the volumetric electromagnetic componentsis embedded with the dielectric material; wherein the dielectricmaterial is microwave-absorbing foam.
 9. The electromagnetic absorbingsystem of claim 8, wherein the volumetric electromagnetic componentcomprises a pleated feature.
 10. The electromagnetic absorbing system ofclaim 8, wherein the volumetric electromagnetic component comprises afolded feature.